Skip to content

RabbitMQ环境搭建

因为我用的是Mac,所以直接可以参考官网:

www.rabbitmq.com/install-hom…

需要注意的是,一定需要先执行:

sql
brew update

然后再执行:

brew install rabbitmq

之前没有执行brew update,直接执行brew install rabbitmq时,会报各种各样奇怪的错误,其中“403 Forbidde”居多。

但是在执行“brew install rabbitmq”,会自动安装其它的程序,如果你使用源码安装Rabbitmq,因为启动该服务依赖erlang环境,所以你还需手动安装erlang,但是目前官方已经一键给你搞定,会自动安装Rabbitmq依赖的所有程序,是不是很棒!

img

最后执行成功的输出如下:

img

启动服务:

bash
# 启动方式1:后台启动
brew services start rabbitmq
# 启动方式2:当前窗口启动
cd /usr/local/Cellar/rabbitmq/3.8.19
rabbitmq-server

在浏览器输入:

txt
http://localhost:15672/

会出现RabbitMQ后台管理界面(用户名和密码都为guest):

img

通过brew安装,一行命令搞定,真香!

RabbitMQ测试

添加账号

首先得启动mq

bash
## 添加账号
./rabbitmqctl add_user admin admin
## 添加访问权限
./rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p "/" admin ".*" ".*" ".*"
## 设置超级权限
./rabbitmqctl set_user_tags admin administrator

编码实测

因为代码中引入了java 8的特性,pom引入依赖:

xml
<dependency>
    <groupId>com.rabbitmq</groupId>
    <artifactId>amqp-client</artifactId>
    <version>5.5.1</version>
</dependency>

<plugins>
    <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
        <configuration>
            <source>8</source>
            <target>8</target>
        </configuration>
    </plugin>
</plugins>

开始写代码:

java
public class RabbitMqTest {
    //消息队列名称
    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "hello";

    @Test
    public void send() throws java.io.IOException, TimeoutException {
        //创建连接工程
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("127.0.0.1");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        factory.setUsername("admin");
        factory.setPassword("admin");
        //创建连接
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        //创建消息通道
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        //生成一个消息队列
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, true, false, false, null);

        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            String message = "Hello World RabbitMQ count: " + i;
            //发布消息,第一个参数表示路由(Exchange名称),为""则表示使用默认消息路由
            channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");
        }
        //关闭消息通道和连接
        channel.close();
        connection.close();
    }

    @Test
    public void consumer() throws java.io.IOException, TimeoutException {
        //创建连接工厂
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("127.0.0.1");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        factory.setUsername("admin");
        factory.setPassword("admin");
        //创建连接
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        //创建消息信道
        final Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        //消息队列
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, true, false, false, null);
        System.out.println("[*] Waiting for message. To exist press CTRL+C");

        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});
    }
}

执行send()后控制台输出:

csharp
[x] Sent 'Hello World RabbitMQ count: 0'
[x] Sent 'Hello World RabbitMQ count: 1'
[x] Sent 'Hello World RabbitMQ count: 2'
[x] Sent 'Hello World RabbitMQ count: 3'
[x] Sent 'Hello World RabbitMQ count: 4'
[x] Sent 'Hello World RabbitMQ count: 5'
[x] Sent 'Hello World RabbitMQ count: 6'
[x] Sent 'Hello World RabbitMQ count: 7'
[x] Sent 'Hello World RabbitMQ count: 8'
[x] Sent 'Hello World RabbitMQ count: 9'

img

执行consumer()后:

img

示例中的代码讲解,可以直接参考官网:www.rabbitmq.com/tutorials/t…

基本使用姿势

公共代码封装

封装工厂类:

java
public class RabbitUtil {
    public static ConnectionFactory getConnectionFactory() {
        //创建连接工程,下面给出的是默认的case
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("127.0.0.1");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        factory.setUsername("admin");
        factory.setPassword("admin");
        factory.setVirtualHost("/");
        return factory;
    }
}

封装生成者:

java
public class MsgProducer {
    public static void publishMsg(String exchange, BuiltinExchangeType exchangeType, String toutingKey, String message) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = RabbitUtil.getConnectionFactory();
        //创建连接
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        //创建消息通道
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        // 声明exchange中的消息为可持久化,不自动删除
        channel.exchangeDeclare(exchange, exchangeType, true, false, null);
        // 发布消息
        channel.basicPublish(exchange, toutingKey, null, message.getBytes());
        System.out.println("Sent '" + message + "'");
        channel.close();
        connection.close();
    }
}

封装消费者:

java
public class MsgConsumer {
    public static void consumerMsg(String exchange, String queue, String routingKey)
            throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = RabbitUtil.getConnectionFactory();
        //创建连接
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        //创建消息信道
        final Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        //消息队列
        channel.queueDeclare(queue, true, false, false, null);
        //绑定队列到交换机
        channel.queueBind(queue, exchange, routingKey);
        System.out.println("[*] Waiting for message. To exist press CTRL+C");

        Consumer consumer = new DefaultConsumer(channel) {
            @Override
            public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, AMQP.BasicProperties properties,
                                       byte[] body) throws IOException {
                String message = new String(body, "UTF-8");
                try {
                    System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message);
                } finally {
                    System.out.println(" [x] Done");
                    channel.basicAck(envelope.getDeliveryTag(), false);
                }
            }
        };
        // 取消自动ack
        channel.basicConsume(queue, false, consumer);
    }
}

Direct方式

img

Direct示例

生产者:

java
public class DirectProducer {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "direct.exchange";
    public void publishMsg(String routingKey, String msg) {
        try {
            MsgProducer.publishMsg(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT, routingKey, msg);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        DirectProducer directProducer = new DirectProducer();
        String[] routingKey = new String[]{"aaa", "bbb", "ccc"};
        String msg = "hello >>> ";
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            directProducer.publishMsg(routingKey[i % 3], msg + i);
        }
        System.out.println("----over-------");
        Thread.sleep(1000 * 60 * 100);
    }
}

执行生产者,往消息队列中放入10条消息,其中key分别为“aaa”、“bbb”和“ccc”,分别放入qa、qb、qc三个队列:

img

下面是qa队列的信息:

img

消费者:

java
public class DirectConsumer {
    private static final String exchangeName = "direct.exchange";
    public void msgConsumer(String queueName, String routingKey) {
        try {
            MsgConsumer.consumerMsg(exchangeName, queueName, routingKey);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        DirectConsumer consumer = new DirectConsumer();
        String[] routingKey = new String[]{"aaa", "bbb", "ccc"};
        String[] queueNames = new String[]{"qa", "qb", "qc"};

        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            consumer.msgConsumer(queueNames[i], routingKey[i]);
        }
        Thread.sleep(1000 * 60 * 100);
    }
}

执行后的输出:

shell
[*] Waiting for message. To exist press CTRL+C
 [x] Received 'hello >>> 0
 [x] Done
 [x] Received 'hello >>> 3
 [x] Done
 [x] Received 'hello >>> 6
 [x] Done
 [x] Received 'hello >>> 9
 [x] Done
[*] Waiting for message. To exist press CTRL+C
 [x] Received 'hello >>> 1
 [x] Done
 [x] Received 'hello >>> 4
 [x] Done
 [x] Received 'hello >>> 7
 [x] Done
[*] Waiting for message. To exist press CTRL+C
 [x] Received 'hello >>> 2
 [x] Done
 [x] Received 'hello >>> 5
 [x] Done
 [x] Received 'hello >>> 8
 [x] Done

可以看到,分别从qa、qb、qc中将不同的key的数据消费掉。

问题探讨

有个疑问:这个队列的名称qa、qb和qc是RabbitMQ自动生成的么,我们可以指定队列名称么?

我做了个简单的实验,我把消费者代码修改了一下:

java
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
    DirectConsumer consumer = new DirectConsumer();
    String[] routingKey = new String[]{"aaa", "bbb", "ccc"};
    String[] queueNames = new String[]{"qa", "qb", "qc1"}; // 将qc修改为qc1

    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
        consumer.msgConsumer(queueNames[i], routingKey[i]);
    }
    Thread.sleep(1000 * 60 * 100);
}

执行后如下图所示:

img

我们可以发现,多了一个qc1,所以可以判断这个界面中的queues,是消费者执行时,会将消费者指定的队列名称和direct.exchange绑定,绑定的依据就是key。

当我们把队列中的数据全部消费掉,然后重新执行生成者后,会发现qc和qc1中都有3条待消费的数据,因为绑定的key都是“ccc”,所以两者的数据是一样的:

img

绑定关系如下:

img

注意:当没有Queue绑定到Exchange时,往Exchange中写入的消息也不会重新分发到之后绑定的queue上。

思考:不执行消费者,看不到这个Queres中信息,我其实可以把这个界面理解为消费者信息界面。不过感觉还是怪怪的,这个queues如果是消费者信息,就不应该叫queues,我理解queues应该是RabbitMQ中实际存放数据的queues,难道是我理解错了?

Fanout方式(指定队列)

img

生产者封装:

java
public class FanoutProducer {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "fanout.exchange";
    public void publishMsg(String routingKey, String msg) {
        try {
            MsgProducer.publishMsg(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.FANOUT, routingKey, msg);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FanoutProducer directProducer = new FanoutProducer();
        String msg = "hello >>> ";
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            directProducer.publishMsg("", msg + i);
        }
    }
}

消费者:

java
public class FanoutConsumer {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "fanout.exchange";
    public void msgConsumer(String queueName, String routingKey) {
        try {
            MsgConsumer.consumerMsg(EXCHANGE_NAME, queueName, routingKey);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FanoutConsumer consumer = new FanoutConsumer();
        String[] queueNames = new String[]{"qa-2", "qb-2", "qc-2"};
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            consumer.msgConsumer(queueNames[i], "");
        }
    }
}

执行生成者,结果如下:

img

我们发现,生产者生产的10条数据,在每个消费者中都可以消费,这个是和Direct不同的地方,但是使用Fanout方式时,有几个点需要注意一下:

  • 生产者的routkey可以为空,因为生产者的所有数据,会下放到每一个队列,所以不会通过routkey去路由;
  • 消费者需要指定queues,因为消费者需要绑定到指定的queues才能消费。

img

这幅图就画出了Fanout的精髓之处,exchange会和所有的queue进行绑定,不区分路由,消费者需要绑定指定的queue才能发起消费。

注意:往队列塞数据时,可能通过界面看不到消息个数的增加,可能是你之前已经开启了消费进程,导致增加的消息马上被消费了。

Fanout方式(随机获取队列)

上面我们是指定了队列,这个方式其实很不友好,比如对于Fanout,我其实根本无需关心队列的名字,如果还指定对应队列进行消费,感觉这个很冗余,所以我们这里就采用随机获取队列名字的方式,下面代码直接Copy官网。

生成者封装:

java
public static void publishMsgV2(String exchange, BuiltinExchangeType exchangeType, String message) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
    ConnectionFactory factory = RabbitUtil.getConnectionFactory();
    //创建连接
    Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
    //创建消息通道
    Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

    // 声明exchange中的消息
    channel.exchangeDeclare(exchange, exchangeType);

    // 发布消息
    channel.basicPublish(exchange, "", null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));

    System.out.println("Sent '" + message + "'");
    channel.close();
    connection.close();
}

消费者封装:

java
public static void consumerMsgV2(String exchange) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
    ConnectionFactory factory = RabbitUtil.getConnectionFactory();
    Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
    final Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

    channel.exchangeDeclare(exchange, "fanout");
    String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
    channel.queueBind(queueName, exchange, "");

    System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");

    DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
        String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
        System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
    };
    channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> { });
}

生产者:

java
public class FanoutProducer {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "fanout.exchange.v2";
    public void publishMsg(String msg) {
        try {
            MsgProducer.publishMsgV2(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.FANOUT, msg);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FanoutProducer directProducer = new FanoutProducer();
        String msg = "hello >>> ";
        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            directProducer.publishMsg(msg + i);
        }
    }
}

消费者:

java
public class FanoutConsumer {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "fanout.exchange.v2";
    public void msgConsumer() {
        try {
            MsgConsumer.consumerMsgV2(EXCHANGE_NAME);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FanoutConsumer consumer = new FanoutConsumer();
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            consumer.msgConsumer();
        }
    }
}

执行后,管理界面如下:

img

img

img

Topic方式

img

代码详见官网:www.rabbitmq.com/tutorials/t…

更多方式,请直接查看官网:www.rabbitmq.com/getstarted.…

img

6. RabbitMQ 进阶

durable 和 autoDeleted

在定义Queue时,可以指定这两个参数:

java
/**
 * Declare an exchange.
 * @see com.rabbitmq.client.AMQP.Exchange.Declare
 * @see com.rabbitmq.client.AMQP.Exchange.DeclareOk
 * @param exchange the name of the exchange
 * @param type the exchange type
 * @param durable true if we are declaring a durable exchange (the exchange will survive a server restart)
 * @param autoDelete true if the server should delete the exchange when it is no longer in use
 * @param arguments other properties (construction arguments) for the exchange
 * @return a declaration-confirm method to indicate the exchange was successfully declared
 * @throws java.io.IOException if an error is encountered
 */
Exchange.DeclareOk exchangeDeclare(String exchange, BuiltinExchangeType type, boolean durable, boolean autoDelete,
    Map<String, Object> arguments) throws IOException;
    
/**
* Declare a queue
* @see com.rabbitmq.client.AMQP.Queue.Declare
* @see com.rabbitmq.client.AMQP.Queue.DeclareOk
* @param queue the name of the queue
* @param durable true if we are declaring a durable queue (the queue will survive a server restart)
* @param exclusive true if we are declaring an exclusive queue (restricted to this connection)
* @param autoDelete true if we are declaring an autodelete queue (server will delete it when no longer in use)
* @param arguments other properties (construction arguments) for the queue
* @return a declaration-confirm method to indicate the queue was successfully declared
* @throws java.io.IOException if an error is encountered
*/
Queue.DeclareOk queueDeclare(String queue, boolean durable, boolean exclusive, boolean autoDelete,
    Map<String, Object> arguments) throws IOException;

durable

持久化,保证RabbitMQ在退出或者crash等异常情况下数据没有丢失,需要将queue,exchange和Message都持久化。

若是将queue的持久化标识durable设置为true,则代表是一个持久的队列,那么在服务重启之后,会重新读取之前被持久化的queue。

虽然队列可以被持久化,但是里面的消息是否为持久化,还要看消息的持久化设置。即重启queue,但是queue里面还没有发出去的消息,那队列里面还存在该消息么?这个取决于该消息的设置。

autoDeleted

自动删除,如果该队列没有任何订阅的消费者的话,该队列会被自动删除。这种队列适用于临时队列。

当一个Queue被设置为自动删除时,当消费者断掉之后,queue会被删除,这个主要针对的是一些不是特别重要的数据,不希望出现消息积累的情况。

小节

  • 当一个Queue已经声明好了之后,不能更新durable或者autoDelted值;当需要修改时,需要先删除再重新声明
  • 消费的Queue声明应该和投递的Queue声明的 durable,autoDelted属性一致,否则会报错
  • 对于重要的数据,一般设置 durable=true, autoDeleted=false
  • 对于设置 autoDeleted=true 的队列,当没有消费者之后,队列会自动被删除

ACK

执行一个任务可能需要花费几秒钟,你可能会担心如果一个消费者在执行任务过程中挂掉了。一旦RabbitMQ将消息分发给了消费者,就会从内存中删除。在这种情况下,如果正在执行任务的消费者宕机,会丢失正在处理的消息和分发给这个消费者但尚未处理的消息。

但是,我们不想丢失任何任务,如果有一个消费者挂掉了,那么我们应该将分发给它的任务交付给另一个消费者去处理。

为了确保消息不会丢失,RabbitMQ支持消息应答。消费者发送一个消息应答,告诉RabbitMQ这个消息已经接收并且处理完毕了。RabbitMQ就可以删除它了。

因此手动ACK的常见手段:

java
// 接收消息之后,主动ack/nak
Consumer consumer = new DefaultConsumer(channel) {
    @Override
    public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, AMQP.BasicProperties properties,
            byte[] body) throws IOException {
        String message = new String(body, "UTF-8");
        try {
            System.out.println(" [ " + queue + " ] Received '" + message);
            channel.basicAck(envelope.getDeliveryTag(), false);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            channel.basicNack(envelope.getDeliveryTag(), false, true);
        }
    }
};
// 取消自动ack
channel.basicConsume(queue, false, consumer);

前端知识体系 · wcrane